ANCIENT INDIAN KNOWLEDGE IN CHEMISTRY
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH IN SCIENCE
Na kramena vinaa saastram na saastrena vina krama: Sastram kramayutham jnathvaa ya: karoti sa siddhibhak
Without systematic approach there is no science, without science there is no systematic approach, one who knows that science is the systematic approach of learning and doing the work, he is known as the scientist/ expert
Rasaratna samucchaya 6/2
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENTIFIC
EXPLANATION
Nakhakrunthanena sarvam kaarshnaayasam vijnaatham…karshnaayasam ithyeva sathyam
When a nail cutter made of iron is explained (or known).. then one should know that iron itself is the essence and everything about iron is known (the metallurgical process and quality of iron is known)
TWO TYPES OF ZINC MINERALS
Rasako dvi vida prokto dardura kaaravellaka: dardura satva paate syaat oushadhe kaaravellaka:
There are two types of zinc minerals knopwn as dardura (calamine) and kaaravellaka (smith-sonite). Dardura is ideal for metal extraction and the other is good for medicinal use
Rasaratna samucchaya 2 -149
THREE TYPES OF ZINC MINERALS
Mrutthika gudapaashana bhedato rasaka sthridhaa Peethasthu mrutthikakaro mrutthika rasako vara: Guddabho madhyamo jneya: paashanabha: kanishtika:
There are three types of zinc minerals Mruthikabha ( calamine, guddabha (zincite) and paashanabha (zinc blende). Among these minerals, the yellow coloured ca;amiones is the best and guddabha is the medium grade and the paashanabha is the inferior grade
Rasarnavam 7/29
COLOUR AND NATURE OF MINERALS
Peethakaa thamrakaa thaamra peethakaa vaa bhumi prasthara dhaathavo. Bhinnaa neelarajeemantho mudga maasha krusara-varnaa vaa dadhi bhindu pinda chitraa harodraa hareethakee, padma patra saivalyakruth pleehaanavadya varnaa bhinnaschunchuvalukaa lekha bindu svasthikavantha sagulikaa archishmantha sthapyamaanaa na bhidyanthe bahuphena dhoomascha suvarnadhathava: pratheevaa paarthaasthamra roopya vedhana
The colours of the ores of diffeen metals are yellow, mixed copperish yellow, some are power in nature having the colour of neela rajee flower, green gram, black gram, curd, turmeric, terminelia, leaf of lotus, spleen of animal, sand, jasmine bud, and seed of neem. Some ores , when heated remains the same and some ejects surf and smoke. Arthasastra 2 -30
COLOUR OF COPPER ORE
Bharika snigdho mruduscha prasthara dhathu bhumibhago vaa .Pingalo haritha paatalo lohitho vaa thamradhatu
The copper ores are heavy, tawny, green (chalcopyrrites) darkblue (malachite), yellowish tint ( azurite) , pale red or red ( native copper).
Artha sasthra 2/30
THE CHEMICAL KNOWN AS ANJANA
Souveeramanjanam proktham rasanjanamatha param Sthrotho anjam thadanyaccha pushpanchanakameva cha. Neelanchanam cha theshaam hi svaroopam iha varnyate
Souveeramanjanam is (antimony sulphide), rsanjanam (yellow oxide of mercury) sthrotho anjanam (different form of antimony sulphide)neelanjanam ( lead sulphide) pushpanjanam ( zinc oxide), these anjanas are explained here.
Rasaratna samucchaya 3/98
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Peethaabhaa granthikaa prushte deergha vruttha varatikaa. Rasavaidyair vinidishtaa saa charachara samjnikaa. Saardha nishkabharaa sreshtaa nishkabharaa cha mdhyamaa Paadona nishkabharaa cha kanishtaa parikeerthithaa
The calcium carbonate which has the elliptical shape and yellow colour is known as charachara varatika. (depending upon their size and shape) they are clasified as the saardha nishkabhara, which is the best, nishkabharaa the second grade and padona nishkabhara (low grade) Rasaratna samucchayam: 3/130-131
MERCURY DISTILLATION
Darada: paathanaa yanthre paatithascha jalaasraye. Thathsatvam sootha sankaasam jaayate naathra samsaya:
Darada: (cinnabar), the ore of mercury, when distilled in a distillation equipment and the vapors when condensed with water, gives the essence of the darada which is the mercury
Rasaratna samucchayam 3/144
EXPLANATION ON THE CORROSION
Suvarnam rajatham thaamram theekshanam vangam bhujangakam. Lohanthu shadvidham thaccha yathaapoorvam thadakshayam,
Metals are classifed under the class of gold, silver, copper, iron, lead and zinc. The resistance towards corrosion is in the reverse of the above order ( the reactivity increases in the above order)
Rasaarnavam 7/97
FLAME TEST
Aavarta maane kanake peethaa thaare sithaa prabha Sulbe neelanibhaa theekshne krishna varnaa suresvaree Vange jvaalaa kapothaabhaa nage malinadhoomakaa Saile thu dhusaraa devee aayase kapila prabhaa Ayaskaanthe dhoomra varnaa sasyake l;ohithaa bhaveth Vajre nanaavidhaa jvaala kha sathve panduraprabhaa
The colour of the flame can be explained as follows for gold: yellow, silver : white, coper : blue, wrought iron : blackish, tin: pigoen colour (ash) zinc: dirty +smoky colour, silcon : white, iron : blackish, iron oxide : brownish, mecury : reddish and diamond : variety of cour and mica : white colour Rasarnavam 4/51
THREE TYPES OF IRON
Mundam, theekshnam cha kaantham cha triprakaram ayasmrutha:
There are three types of iron cast iron ( munda loha, wrought iron (theekshana loha) and carbon steel ( kaantha loha)
Rasaratna samucchaya 5/69
ALPHA AND BETA TIN
Khurakam misrakam cheti dvividham vangam-uchyate Khurakam thathra gunai: sreshtam misrakam na hitam matham dhavalam mrudulam snigdham druthadraavam sagouravam nissabdam khuravangam syaan misrakam syaama subhrakam
There are two types of tin known as khurkam ( beta tin) and misrakam ( alpha tin) the beta tin is better in quality and the other one is of low grade and the former is white, soft flexible, low melting, denser and without metallic sound and the misrakam is blackish white in colour and said to be not acceptable
Rasaratna samucchyam 5/153-154
EXPLANATION OF LEAD
Drutha draavam mahabharam cchede krishna samujvalam poothi gandham bahi krishnam suddham seesam athoanyathaa
Lead is dense metal having low melting point, when cut, the surace gives black lustre. It has obixious odour and black in colour, when exposed to air
Rasaratna samucchayam 5/170
EXPLANATION OF ZINC METAL
Cchede samujjvalam snigdham mrudulam nirmalam thathaa drutha draavam mahabharam yasadam grahyamuchyathe
The zinc metal has shining moistened lustre when cut. It is soft in physical nature, pure in look having low melting point and denser
Rasatharangini 19/95
ALPHA & BETA BRASS
Reethikaa kaakathundeethi dvividam pitthalam bhaveth Santhapthaa kaanchike kshiptaa thamraabhaa reetikaa matha. Evam prajaayate krishnaa kaakathundeeti saa mathaa
There are two types of brass : reethikaa and kaakathundee. When dipped in the boiled rice gruel, the reethika type brass gives copper colour and the other one gives black colour
Rasendra choodaamani 14/154
BRONZE
Ashtabhagena thaamrena dvibhaga khurakena cha
Vidruthena bhavelkamsyam thathsourashtrabhavam subham
When eight parts by wiehgt of coper is alloyed with two parts by weight of tin, the bronze is obtained, the brone produced in Sourashtra is said to be best in quality
Rasaratna samucchayam 5/205
EXPLANATION OF A LABORATORY
Aathanka rahite dese dharmarajye manorame
Umamahesvaropethe samruddhe nagare subhe
Karthavyam saadhanam thathra rasaraajasya dheemathaa
Athyantha upavane ramye chathur dvaaropasobhithe
Thathre saala prakrthavyaa suvistheerna manoramaa
Samyagvaathaayanopethaa divya chithrairvichithrithaa
Thathsameepe same deepthe karthavyam rasamandapam
Athiguptham suvistheernam kapaatargala sobhitham
Dhvaja cchathra vithaanaadyam pushpa maalaa vilambitham
Bheri kaahala ghandaadi srungeenada vinaditham
Bhu: samaa thathra karthavyaa sudhudaa darpanopamaa
Thanmadhye vedikaa ramyaa karthavyaa lakhnanvithaa
The laboratotry shold be constructed in a bearutiful and developed twon. In the twon there should the temple of Umamahesvara. With the wisdom of the king who has knowledge on the chemistry, the laboratory having four gates should be established in the centre of a garden or valley. The laboratory should be spacious and beautiful. It should have enough ventillation and also many pictures for decoration. The working table should be constructed where enough light will be availble. The whole set up should be spacious and also having enough protection. In front of the laboratory, there should be a flag, and also decoration with flowers. Music should be played in the laboratory. All the floors of the laboratory should be hard and clean as mirrors. All these should be highkly attractive
Rasaratna samucchayam 6/11 -16
CHEMISTRY RESEARCH SCHOLAR
Gurbhakthaa sadaacharaa sathyavantho drudavrathaa
Niraalasyaa svadharmajnaa sada aajnaapareepalakaa
Dambha matsarya nirmukthaa kulaa aachareshu deekshithaa
Athyantha saadhakaa santhaa manthra araadhana thalparaa:
Ithyevam lakshanair yuktham sishya: syu: soothasiddhaye
The best chemistry scholar is the student who respts his supervising teacher, who is loyal, truthful, sincere, active, duty bound and obedient. He should be free from false ego and jealousy and should be stable in approach, noble in behavious, calm in nature and enterprising in character.
LABORATORY ASSISTANT
Sahaayaa: so udymaasthathra thathaa sishyasthatho adhikaa:
Kuleenaa: svami bhakthaascha karthavyaa rasakarmani
Rasaratna samuchaya 6/7
A laboratory assustant should be very active, more effient than the students/ schoplar borne in a noble family and highly obedient, and deveoted in undertaking the chemical based works
Rasaratana samuchya 6/6
LABORATORY APPARATUS
1. dolayanthra 2. Svedana yanthra 3 paathana yanthra
4.Adha paathana yanthra 5. Kacchapayanthram
6.deepikaayanthram 7.jaaranayanthram…..
Rasaratna samucchayam 9/1-3
CRUCIBLES/MUSHA
Vajra musha - yogamusha - vajradravini musha - gaara musha - vara musha - varna musha - roupya musha - bida musha --
FURNACE - KOSHTI
Sathvaanaam pathanaarthaya paathithaanaam visuddhaye
Koshtika vividhakaarasthaasaam lakshnamuchyathe
For the production of the metals/materials and also for the purification of the materials different types of furnaces are used. Their size and shapes are explained
Rasaratna samucchayam 10/31
A SPECIAL METAL USED FOR MEASURING UV & VISIBLE RAYS
Athaanjaneeka dasakam dhoumya dvaadasakam thathaa
Neelanjanam shodasamsam charvimsamsakam ruro:
Jamvalikasthi dasakam sarkarashkameva cha
Churdasamsam suthasya navamsam gairkasya cha
Varatikaa pachakam cha thatthath bhagaanusaaratha:
Ethan samyojya mushayaam sampoorya vidhivath kramath
Shadvimsamathyutthara panchasatha kakshyoshnamaanatha:
Gaalayithvaatha yanthraasye sechayeth adhivegatha:
Cchayaa prabhavibhajkaka lohasyaal kruthaka sthatha:
Yanthra sarvaswam of Bharadvaja mahashi (109 th yanthra)
Graphite (anjaneekam) 10 parts, ammonium chloride (dhaumya) 12 parts, antimony sulphide (nilanjana) 16 parts, ash of the bones of deer (ruruka) 16 parts, ash of jambalika animal (jambalika kshara) 10 parts, silicon dioxide ( sarakara) 9 parts, mercury (suta) 5 parts, ferric oxide ( gairika) 9 parts calcium carbonate 5 parts are mixed and heated to 526 degree to get the cchayaprabhavibhajaka loha.
SOME OF THE SANSKRIT WORDS FOR CHEMICALS
Khacharakhya loha….kha = sky, chara = moving, akhya connected loha = metal ( quartz/silicon dioxide)
Bhuchakra suramitadi kshara … bhu: = earth chadra = circle/coiled, suramitra = vishnu kshara = ash ( ash of saligrama)
Ayaskantha = magnetic ore of iron
Ruruka = young deer ( assumed that it is bone ash of young deer)
ebook about Ancient indian chemistry
Home
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH IN SCIENCE
Na kramena vinaa saastram na saastrena vina krama: Sastram kramayutham jnathvaa ya: karoti sa siddhibhak
Without systematic approach there is no science, without science there is no systematic approach, one who knows that science is the systematic approach of learning and doing the work, he is known as the scientist/ expert
Rasaratna samucchaya 6/2
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENTIFIC
EXPLANATION
Nakhakrunthanena sarvam kaarshnaayasam vijnaatham…karshnaayasam ithyeva sathyam
When a nail cutter made of iron is explained (or known).. then one should know that iron itself is the essence and everything about iron is known (the metallurgical process and quality of iron is known)
TWO TYPES OF ZINC MINERALS
Rasako dvi vida prokto dardura kaaravellaka: dardura satva paate syaat oushadhe kaaravellaka:
There are two types of zinc minerals knopwn as dardura (calamine) and kaaravellaka (smith-sonite). Dardura is ideal for metal extraction and the other is good for medicinal use
Rasaratna samucchaya 2 -149
THREE TYPES OF ZINC MINERALS
Mrutthika gudapaashana bhedato rasaka sthridhaa Peethasthu mrutthikakaro mrutthika rasako vara: Guddabho madhyamo jneya: paashanabha: kanishtika:
There are three types of zinc minerals Mruthikabha ( calamine, guddabha (zincite) and paashanabha (zinc blende). Among these minerals, the yellow coloured ca;amiones is the best and guddabha is the medium grade and the paashanabha is the inferior grade
Rasarnavam 7/29
COLOUR AND NATURE OF MINERALS
Peethakaa thamrakaa thaamra peethakaa vaa bhumi prasthara dhaathavo. Bhinnaa neelarajeemantho mudga maasha krusara-varnaa vaa dadhi bhindu pinda chitraa harodraa hareethakee, padma patra saivalyakruth pleehaanavadya varnaa bhinnaschunchuvalukaa lekha bindu svasthikavantha sagulikaa archishmantha sthapyamaanaa na bhidyanthe bahuphena dhoomascha suvarnadhathava: pratheevaa paarthaasthamra roopya vedhana
The colours of the ores of diffeen metals are yellow, mixed copperish yellow, some are power in nature having the colour of neela rajee flower, green gram, black gram, curd, turmeric, terminelia, leaf of lotus, spleen of animal, sand, jasmine bud, and seed of neem. Some ores , when heated remains the same and some ejects surf and smoke. Arthasastra 2 -30
COLOUR OF COPPER ORE
Bharika snigdho mruduscha prasthara dhathu bhumibhago vaa .Pingalo haritha paatalo lohitho vaa thamradhatu
The copper ores are heavy, tawny, green (chalcopyrrites) darkblue (malachite), yellowish tint ( azurite) , pale red or red ( native copper).
Artha sasthra 2/30
THE CHEMICAL KNOWN AS ANJANA
Souveeramanjanam proktham rasanjanamatha param Sthrotho anjam thadanyaccha pushpanchanakameva cha. Neelanchanam cha theshaam hi svaroopam iha varnyate
Souveeramanjanam is (antimony sulphide), rsanjanam (yellow oxide of mercury) sthrotho anjanam (different form of antimony sulphide)neelanjanam ( lead sulphide) pushpanjanam ( zinc oxide), these anjanas are explained here.
Rasaratna samucchaya 3/98
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Peethaabhaa granthikaa prushte deergha vruttha varatikaa. Rasavaidyair vinidishtaa saa charachara samjnikaa. Saardha nishkabharaa sreshtaa nishkabharaa cha mdhyamaa Paadona nishkabharaa cha kanishtaa parikeerthithaa
The calcium carbonate which has the elliptical shape and yellow colour is known as charachara varatika. (depending upon their size and shape) they are clasified as the saardha nishkabhara, which is the best, nishkabharaa the second grade and padona nishkabhara (low grade) Rasaratna samucchayam: 3/130-131
MERCURY DISTILLATION
Darada: paathanaa yanthre paatithascha jalaasraye. Thathsatvam sootha sankaasam jaayate naathra samsaya:
Darada: (cinnabar), the ore of mercury, when distilled in a distillation equipment and the vapors when condensed with water, gives the essence of the darada which is the mercury
Rasaratna samucchayam 3/144
EXPLANATION ON THE CORROSION
Suvarnam rajatham thaamram theekshanam vangam bhujangakam. Lohanthu shadvidham thaccha yathaapoorvam thadakshayam,
Metals are classifed under the class of gold, silver, copper, iron, lead and zinc. The resistance towards corrosion is in the reverse of the above order ( the reactivity increases in the above order)
Rasaarnavam 7/97
FLAME TEST
Aavarta maane kanake peethaa thaare sithaa prabha Sulbe neelanibhaa theekshne krishna varnaa suresvaree Vange jvaalaa kapothaabhaa nage malinadhoomakaa Saile thu dhusaraa devee aayase kapila prabhaa Ayaskaanthe dhoomra varnaa sasyake l;ohithaa bhaveth Vajre nanaavidhaa jvaala kha sathve panduraprabhaa
The colour of the flame can be explained as follows for gold: yellow, silver : white, coper : blue, wrought iron : blackish, tin: pigoen colour (ash) zinc: dirty +smoky colour, silcon : white, iron : blackish, iron oxide : brownish, mecury : reddish and diamond : variety of cour and mica : white colour Rasarnavam 4/51
THREE TYPES OF IRON
Mundam, theekshnam cha kaantham cha triprakaram ayasmrutha:
There are three types of iron cast iron ( munda loha, wrought iron (theekshana loha) and carbon steel ( kaantha loha)
Rasaratna samucchaya 5/69
ALPHA AND BETA TIN
Khurakam misrakam cheti dvividham vangam-uchyate Khurakam thathra gunai: sreshtam misrakam na hitam matham dhavalam mrudulam snigdham druthadraavam sagouravam nissabdam khuravangam syaan misrakam syaama subhrakam
There are two types of tin known as khurkam ( beta tin) and misrakam ( alpha tin) the beta tin is better in quality and the other one is of low grade and the former is white, soft flexible, low melting, denser and without metallic sound and the misrakam is blackish white in colour and said to be not acceptable
Rasaratna samucchyam 5/153-154
EXPLANATION OF LEAD
Drutha draavam mahabharam cchede krishna samujvalam poothi gandham bahi krishnam suddham seesam athoanyathaa
Lead is dense metal having low melting point, when cut, the surace gives black lustre. It has obixious odour and black in colour, when exposed to air
Rasaratna samucchayam 5/170
EXPLANATION OF ZINC METAL
Cchede samujjvalam snigdham mrudulam nirmalam thathaa drutha draavam mahabharam yasadam grahyamuchyathe
The zinc metal has shining moistened lustre when cut. It is soft in physical nature, pure in look having low melting point and denser
Rasatharangini 19/95
ALPHA & BETA BRASS
Reethikaa kaakathundeethi dvividam pitthalam bhaveth Santhapthaa kaanchike kshiptaa thamraabhaa reetikaa matha. Evam prajaayate krishnaa kaakathundeeti saa mathaa
There are two types of brass : reethikaa and kaakathundee. When dipped in the boiled rice gruel, the reethika type brass gives copper colour and the other one gives black colour
Rasendra choodaamani 14/154
BRONZE
Ashtabhagena thaamrena dvibhaga khurakena cha
Vidruthena bhavelkamsyam thathsourashtrabhavam subham
When eight parts by wiehgt of coper is alloyed with two parts by weight of tin, the bronze is obtained, the brone produced in Sourashtra is said to be best in quality
Rasaratna samucchayam 5/205
EXPLANATION OF A LABORATORY
Aathanka rahite dese dharmarajye manorame
Umamahesvaropethe samruddhe nagare subhe
Karthavyam saadhanam thathra rasaraajasya dheemathaa
Athyantha upavane ramye chathur dvaaropasobhithe
Thathre saala prakrthavyaa suvistheerna manoramaa
Samyagvaathaayanopethaa divya chithrairvichithrithaa
Thathsameepe same deepthe karthavyam rasamandapam
Athiguptham suvistheernam kapaatargala sobhitham
Dhvaja cchathra vithaanaadyam pushpa maalaa vilambitham
Bheri kaahala ghandaadi srungeenada vinaditham
Bhu: samaa thathra karthavyaa sudhudaa darpanopamaa
Thanmadhye vedikaa ramyaa karthavyaa lakhnanvithaa
The laboratotry shold be constructed in a bearutiful and developed twon. In the twon there should the temple of Umamahesvara. With the wisdom of the king who has knowledge on the chemistry, the laboratory having four gates should be established in the centre of a garden or valley. The laboratory should be spacious and beautiful. It should have enough ventillation and also many pictures for decoration. The working table should be constructed where enough light will be availble. The whole set up should be spacious and also having enough protection. In front of the laboratory, there should be a flag, and also decoration with flowers. Music should be played in the laboratory. All the floors of the laboratory should be hard and clean as mirrors. All these should be highkly attractive
Rasaratna samucchayam 6/11 -16
CHEMISTRY RESEARCH SCHOLAR
Gurbhakthaa sadaacharaa sathyavantho drudavrathaa
Niraalasyaa svadharmajnaa sada aajnaapareepalakaa
Dambha matsarya nirmukthaa kulaa aachareshu deekshithaa
Athyantha saadhakaa santhaa manthra araadhana thalparaa:
Ithyevam lakshanair yuktham sishya: syu: soothasiddhaye
The best chemistry scholar is the student who respts his supervising teacher, who is loyal, truthful, sincere, active, duty bound and obedient. He should be free from false ego and jealousy and should be stable in approach, noble in behavious, calm in nature and enterprising in character.
LABORATORY ASSISTANT
Sahaayaa: so udymaasthathra thathaa sishyasthatho adhikaa:
Kuleenaa: svami bhakthaascha karthavyaa rasakarmani
Rasaratna samuchaya 6/7
A laboratory assustant should be very active, more effient than the students/ schoplar borne in a noble family and highly obedient, and deveoted in undertaking the chemical based works
Rasaratana samuchya 6/6
LABORATORY APPARATUS
1. dolayanthra 2. Svedana yanthra 3 paathana yanthra
4.Adha paathana yanthra 5. Kacchapayanthram
6.deepikaayanthram 7.jaaranayanthram…..
Rasaratna samucchayam 9/1-3
CRUCIBLES/MUSHA
Vajra musha - yogamusha - vajradravini musha - gaara musha - vara musha - varna musha - roupya musha - bida musha --
FURNACE - KOSHTI
Sathvaanaam pathanaarthaya paathithaanaam visuddhaye
Koshtika vividhakaarasthaasaam lakshnamuchyathe
For the production of the metals/materials and also for the purification of the materials different types of furnaces are used. Their size and shapes are explained
Rasaratna samucchayam 10/31
A SPECIAL METAL USED FOR MEASURING UV & VISIBLE RAYS
Athaanjaneeka dasakam dhoumya dvaadasakam thathaa
Neelanjanam shodasamsam charvimsamsakam ruro:
Jamvalikasthi dasakam sarkarashkameva cha
Churdasamsam suthasya navamsam gairkasya cha
Varatikaa pachakam cha thatthath bhagaanusaaratha:
Ethan samyojya mushayaam sampoorya vidhivath kramath
Shadvimsamathyutthara panchasatha kakshyoshnamaanatha:
Gaalayithvaatha yanthraasye sechayeth adhivegatha:
Cchayaa prabhavibhajkaka lohasyaal kruthaka sthatha:
Yanthra sarvaswam of Bharadvaja mahashi (109 th yanthra)
Graphite (anjaneekam) 10 parts, ammonium chloride (dhaumya) 12 parts, antimony sulphide (nilanjana) 16 parts, ash of the bones of deer (ruruka) 16 parts, ash of jambalika animal (jambalika kshara) 10 parts, silicon dioxide ( sarakara) 9 parts, mercury (suta) 5 parts, ferric oxide ( gairika) 9 parts calcium carbonate 5 parts are mixed and heated to 526 degree to get the cchayaprabhavibhajaka loha.
SOME OF THE SANSKRIT WORDS FOR CHEMICALS
Khacharakhya loha….kha = sky, chara = moving, akhya connected loha = metal ( quartz/silicon dioxide)
Bhuchakra suramitadi kshara … bhu: = earth chadra = circle/coiled, suramitra = vishnu kshara = ash ( ash of saligrama)
Ayaskantha = magnetic ore of iron
Ruruka = young deer ( assumed that it is bone ash of young deer)
ebook about Ancient indian chemistry
Home