Indian astronomy and mathematical terms,Terms used in the Maha-Bhaskariya
Amsa : (1) Part, fraction
(2) Degree (_)
Amsaka : Degree (_)
Amsumat : Sun
Aksa : (1) Latitude, (2) Five
Aksakarna : The hypotenuse of the equinoctial midday shadow (of the gnomon)
Aksakoli : Colatitude. Also, sometimes, the Rsine of colatitude.
Aksayuna : The Rsine of latitude
Aksacapa : The arc of latitude, or simply latitude.
Aksacapayuna : The Rsine of latitude
Aksacapa : The arc of latitude, or simply latitude.
Aksacapayuna : The Rsine of latitude
Aksajiva : The Rsine of latitude
Aksajya : The Rsine of latitude
Aksabhaga : The degrees of latitude
Aksavalana : See Valana
Aksasya valanam
Aksavalana : See Valana
Aksamsa : The latitude of a place, terrestrial latitude, or simply latitude.
Aksamsaka : Same as Aksamsa
Aksonnati : Inclination of the (Earth’s) axis, i.e.,the latitude of the place.
Agata : Untraversed portion; portion to be traversed.
Agra (1) : End. (2) Residue Remainder (3)Agra
Agraguna : The Rsine of Agra
Agra : The arc of the celestial horizon lying between the east point and the point where a heavenly body rises,or between the west point and the point where a heavenly body sets.
Angaraka : Mars
Angula : Finger-breadth.
A unit if linear measurement defined by the breadth of eight barely corns.
Acala : (1) Seven. (2) Fixed. To make acala in astronomy means to apply the method of successive approximations.
Aja : The Sign Aries.
Ativakra : A planet is said to be ativakra when it is in the middle of its retrograde motion.
Adhika-masa : Intercalary month. The Intercalary months denote the excess of the lunar (synodic) months over the solar months in a certain period. Thus interacalary months in a yuga = lunar months in a yuga-solar months in a yuga.
A true intercalary month is one in which the Sun does not pass from one sign into the next.
Adhikabda : Intercalary year, i.e., a collection of twelve intercalary months. See Adhikamsa.
Adhikaha : Intercalary day, i.e. intercalary tithi.
Adhimasa : Intercalary month. See Adhikamasa
Adhimasaka : Same as Adhimasa.
Adhimasasesa : The residue of the intercalary months.
Adhva : The distance of a place from the prime meridian.
Adhvana : Same as Adhva.
Anudis : Parallel
Anupata : Proportion
Anuloma : Direct, A planet is said to be anuloma when its motion is direct, i.e., from west to east.
Antyaguna : See Antyajiva
Antyajiva : The current Rsine-difference, i.e. the Rsine- difference corresponding to the elementary arc occupied by a planet. In Hindu trigonometry a quadrant of circle is divided into 24 equal parts, called elementary areas.
Antyajya : Same as Antyajiva.
Antyaphala : Maximum correction due to mandocca or maximum correction due to sighrocca. The former is equal to the radius of the manda epicycle and the latter is equal to the radius of the sighra epicycle.
Apakrama : Declination.
Apakramaguna : The Rsine of declination
Apakramajya : The Rsine of declination.
Apakramadhanu : The arc of declination, or simply declination.
Apagama : Declination.
Apacaya : Decrease.
Apama : Decrease.
Apama : Declination.
Apamadhanu : The arc of declination, i.e., declination.
Apamo gunah : The Rsine of declination
Apavarta : The greatest common divisor; abrader.
Adbapa : The lord of the year, i.e., the planet which is the regent of the first day of the year.
Abhyasa : Multiplication
Abhra : Zero
Amrtatejas : Moon
Amrdadidhiti : Moon
Ambara : Zero
Ambaroruparidhi : The work ambara means, according to Hindu astronomers, “that part of the sky which is illuminated by the rays of the Sun”. The word admaroruparidhi likewise means “the periphery of the illuminated sphere of the sky”.
Ayana : The northward or southward course of a planet, particularly the Sun. The ayana of a planet is north or south according as the planet lies in the half- orbit beginning with the sayana sign Capricorn or in that beginning with the sayana sign Cancer.
Ayuta : Ten thousand
Arka : (1) Sun. (2) Twelve.
Arkaputra : Saturn.
Arkavarsa : Solar year
Arkasambhava : Solar month
(masa)
Ardhacaturtha : Three and a half (3½). Literally, four minus half.
Ardhapancaka or Ardjapanacama : Four and a half (4½). Literally, five minus half.
Ardhavistara : Semidiameter, radius, or 3438’.
Ardhastamila : Half set
Avanati : (1) Meridian zenith distance. (2) Celestial latitude. (3) Parallax in celestial latitude.
Avanatilava : The degree of meridian zenith distance.
Avanatilavajiva : The Rsine of avanatilava.
Avanatiliptika : Avanti in minutes of arc.
Avanama : Zenith distance.
Avama : Omitted lunar days or omitted tithis.
Avamaratrasesa : The residue of the omitted lunar days.
Avamasesa : The residue of the omitted lunar days.
Avalambaka : (1) Plumb (2) The Rsine of colatitude.
Avalambakayuna : The Rsine of colatitude.
Avasessa : Remainder.
Avisista : Obtained by applying the method of successive approximations.
Avisesakarna : The method of successive approximations.
Avisesana : To perform Avisesakarma.
Avisesatithi : The tithi (i.e. the time of apparent conjuction of the sun and Moon) obtained by the method of successive approximations.
Avisesanadi : The nadis obtained by the method of successive approximation.
Avisesavidhi : See Avise sakarma.
Avislista : Same as Avisista
Avisama : Even
Asvi : Two
Asvin : Two
Asti : Sixteen
Asakrt : Repeatedly, or by using the method of successive approximations.
Asita : (1) Dark. (2) The unilluminated part of the Moon’s disc. (3) Saturn.
Asita-paksa : The dark half of a lunar month.
Asu : A unit of time equivalent to a lunar month.
Asrktanu : Mars. Mars is called asrktanu (asrk = blood, tanu = body) because it is red in coclour.
Asta : Setting.
Astakala : Time of setting
Astalagna : The setting point of the ecliptic, i.e. that point of the ecliptic which lies on the western horizon.
Astasutra : The rising setting line (udayastasutra)
Astodayagrarekha : The rising-setting line.
Astodayagrarekha : The rising-setting line.
Ahargana : The number of days elapsed since the beginning of Kaliyuga (or any other epoch)
Aharmana : The length of day.
Ahoratra : A day and night
Ahoratra-viskambha : Day-radius
Asita : (1) Dark. (2) The unilluminated part of the Moon’s disc. (3) Saturn
Asita-paksa : The dark half of a lunar month.
Asu : A unit of time equivalent to 4 seconds
Asrktanu : Mars. Mars is called asrktanu (asrk = blood, tanu = body) because it is red in colour.
Asta : Setting
Astakala : Time of setting
Astalagna : The setting point of the ecliptic, i.e. that point of the ecliptic which lies on the western horizon.
Astasutra : The rising setting line (udayastasutra)
Astodayagrarekha : The rising-setting line.
Ahargana : The number of days elapsed since the beginning of Kaliyuga (or any other epoch).
Aharmana : The length of day.
Ahoratra : A day and night
Ahoratra-viskambha : Day-radius.
Ahnam ganah : Same as Ahargana
Ahnam nicayah : Same as Ahargana
Akasa : Zero
Apya : Purvasadha, the twentieth naksatra
Ayama : Length
Ara : Mars.
Arki : Saturn
Asa : (1) Direction (2) Ten.
Asana : Approximate
Astambika : Pertaining to sunset
Asphujit : Venus
Ahnika : (1)Pertaining to day.
(2) A special astronomical term used by Bhaskara I. See MBh, i. 16-18
Ina : (1) Sun (2) Twelve
Indu : (1) Moon (2) One.
Inducca : Moon’s apogee, i.e, the remotest point of the Moon’s orbit.
Indriya : Five
Indvahah : Lunar day or tithi
Isu : Five
Ista : Given, or desired, or chosen at pleasure.
Ucca : The ucca is the apex of a planet’s orbit. It is of two kinds: (1) mandocca, i.e. the apex of slow motion, and (2) sighrocca, i.e., the apex of fast motion. In Hindu astronomy, the mandocca is defined to be the remotest point of planets’ orbit where the planet’ appears smallest. It is therefore the same as the “apogee” of modern astronomy. The sighrocca of the superior planets is an imaginary body which remains in the same direction as the mean Sun; that of an inferior planet lies approximately in the same direction from the Earth as the actual planet is from the Sun.
Uccabhukti : (Daily) motion of the ucca; apsidal motion.
Utkrama : Reverse order
Utkramayuna : Same as Utkramajya
Utkramajiva : Same as Utkramajya
Utkramajya : Rversed sine (=Radois x versed sine)
Uttara : North
Uttargola : Northern hemisphere, i.e. the hemisphere lying to the north of the equator.
Udak : North
Udayajya : The agra of the rising point of a plancet’s orbit
Udayaprana : Times of rising of the signs measured in asus.
Udayarasipranapinda : The time in asus of rising of the rising sign.
Udayalagna : The rising point of the ecliptic, i.e., the horizon- ecliptic point in the east.
Udayasu : Time of rising (of the signs) on asus.
Udyastamaya : Rising and setting.
Unnati : Elevation.
Uparaga : Eclipse
Usnatejas : Sun
Usnadidhiti : Sun
Rtu : Six
Aindragna : The name of the sixteenth nakstra Visakha
Aindri : East
Oja : Odd
Kakubh : Ten
Kaksya : Orbit of a planet.
Kanyaka : The sign Virgo
Kapala : Hemisphere.
Karana : (1) Process; working (2) The name of one of the principal elements of Hindu Calendar.
Karkata : (1) A pair of compasses. (2)The sign Cancer
Karna : (1)The hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle.
(2) The distance of a planet
Karnasutra : Hypotenuse line.
Kala : Minute of arc.
Kalakarna : The true distance of a planet in minutes of arc.
Kalanam sesah : The residue of the minutes (kalasesa)
Kaliyuga : According to Bhaskara I, Kaliyuga is a period of 1080000 solar years. The current Kaliyuga began on Friday, February 18, B.C. 3102, at sunrise at Lanka.
Karmuka : Arc.
Kalabhaya : Degrees of time. A degree of time is equivalent to 60 asus or 10 vinadis.
Kastha : (1) Arc. (2) Direction
Kastha : Direction.
Kilaka : Gnomon
Kilakagraguna : Same as Sankvagra
Kuja : Mars.
Kujasa : South
Kutila : Retrograde
Kutta : Pulveriser. See Kuttakara.
Kuttana : The process of solving a pulverriser (Kuttakara)
Kuttakara : Pulveriser. Equations of the type.
N = ax + r = by+s (1)
or ax - c = by (2) : arc called in Hindu mathematics by the name kuttakara. A kuttukara (pulveriser) is called sagra (residual) or niragra (non-residual) according as it is of the type (1) or (2).
Kumbha : The sign Aquarius
Kulira : The sign Cancer
Kria : Four
Krti : Square
Krttika : The name of the third naksatra
Kendra : (1) Anomaly. The kendra is of two kinds : manda- kendra and sighrakendra. The manda-kendra of a planet is equal to “ the longitude of a planet minus the longitude of the planet’s mandocca (apogee),” and the sighra - kendra of a planet is equal to the “longitude of the planet;s sighrocca minus the longitude of the planet.” (2) Centre.
Kendrajya : The Rsine of kendra
Koti : See bahu
Kotika : Same as koti
Kotiphala : The result obtained by multiplying the Rsine of koti due to a planet’s kendra by the epicycle and divinding the resulting product by 350.
Kotisadhana : Same as kotiphala
Karma : (1) Serial order (2) odd quadrant
Kramaguna : Same as kramajya
Kramajya : Rsine (= Radius x sine)
Kranti : Declination
Kriya : The sign Aries
Ksamadina : Civil day
Ksitiguna : Same as ksitijya
Ksitijaguna : Same as ksitiguna
Ksitija : A corrupt from of kritijya
Ksitijiva : Same as ksitijya
Ksitijya : Earthshine. The distance between the rising- setting line and the line joining the points of intersection of the diurnal circle and the six o’ clock circle.
Ksitidhara : Seven
Ksitiputra : Mars
Kritimaurvi : Same as Ksitijya
Ksipti : Celestial latitude
Ksetranirmana : Celestial longitude
Ksepa : Quantity to be added
Ksonidhara : Seven
Kha : Zero
Khamadhya : Meridian
Khecara : Planet
Gagana : (1)Meridian (2) Zero
Gaganasya urttain : The circumference of the sky. See Ambaroruparidhi
Gana : Used in the sense of Bhagana
Gata : Traversed, elapsed
Gali : Motion. Generally used in the sense of “daily motion”.
Gantavya : To be traversed.
Guna : (1) Multiple or multiplication. (2) Rsine. (3) Three
Gunakara : Multiplier, coefficient
Gunapratana : Rsine
Gunaphala : Bahuphala and kotiphala
Guru : Jupiter.
Graha : Sign
Go : The sign Taurus.
Gola : Hemisphere.
Golakhanda : The semidiameter of the (celestial) sphere.
Golabheda : Same as Golakhanda
Graha : (1) Planet (2) Eclipse
Grahaganita : Astronomy
Grahacara : Motion of a planet
Grahana : Eclipse
Grahatanu : A special term used by Bhaskara I.
Grahadeha : Same as Grahatanu
Grahayoga : Conjunction of planets.
Grahanam tanuh : Grahatanu
Grahoparaya : (1) Eclipse. (2) Measure of an eclipse. (3) Beggining of an eclipse.
Grasamadhya : The middle of an eclipse
Grasasalaka : A needle (or line) of length equal to the portion of the diameter eclipsed.
Grasadi : The beginning of an eclipse.
Grahaka : The eclipsing body, the eclipser
Grahya : The eclipsed body.
Ghatika : Same as Ghati.
Ghati : A unit of time equivalent to 24 minutes.
Ghana : Cube
Ghata : Product, multiplication
Cakra : Circle, twelve signs, or 360_.
Caturasra : Quadrilateral
Candra : (1) Moon (2) One
Candrika : Same as Candra
Cara : Ascensional difference. It is defined by the arc of the celestial equator lying between the six O’clock circle and the hour circle of a heavenly body at rising.
Caradala : Ascensional difference. See Cara.
Cala : Sighrocca
Caliccoa : Sighrocca.
Capa : (1) The sign Sagittarius (2) Arc.
Cara : Motion or daily motion
Citra : The name of the fourteenth naksatra.
Caitra : The name of the first month of the year.
Chaya : Shadow. (2) The Rsine of the zenith distance.
Chayadairaghya : Same as Bhucchayadairaghya.
Chayabhramana : The path of the end of the shadow (of the gnomon)
Chidra : Nine.
Cheda : Divisor or denominator
Chedyaka : Projection, or graphical representation.
Jaladhara : Four
Jaladhi : Four
Jalapadik : West
Jalesadik : West
Jina : Twenty four
Jiva : Jupiter INDIAN
Jivadina : Thursday
Jiva : (1) Rsine (=Radius x sine). (2) The Rsine differences corresponding to the twenty-four divisions of the quadrant.
Jivabhukli : True daily motion derived with the help of the table of Rsine differences.
Juka : The sign Libra
Jna : The planet Mercury
Jya : Same as Jiva.
Jyasankalita : Used in the sense of “the given Jya”
Jyau : Jupiter.
Tatpara : Third of arc, i.e. one-sixtieth of a second of arc.
Tattva : Twentyfive
Tantra : Principle, doctrine, theory, rule, method. Also a class of astronomical works.
Tama : (1) The shadow of the Earth, particularly, the section of the shadow cone where the Moon crosses it, by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the shadow cone. (2) The Moon’s ascending node.
Tamomaya : The Moon’s ascending node.
Taraka : Star
Tara : Star
Taragraha : The star planets. The planets Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn are called star planets (targraha) in Hindu astronomy.
Tigmamsu : (1) The Sun. (2) Twelve.
Tithi : (1) Lunar day (called tithi). (2) Time of conjunction or opposition of the Sun and Moon. (3) Time of beginning, middle, or end of eclipse. (4) Fifteen. (5) Thirty.
Tithipranasa : Omitted tithis Tithganta : Time of conjunction or opposition of the Sun and Moon.
Tiryak : (1) Oblique. (2) Transverse.
Tunga : Same as Ucca
Turya : One-fourth
Tula : The sign Libra
Tuladhara : The sign Libra.
Trigrahaguna : The Rsine of three signs i.e. the radius or 3438’.
Trijya : Radius or 3438’
Tribhavana : Three signs.
Trimaurvi : Radius
Trairasika : Rule of Three.
Dala : Half
Dasaguna : The ten Rsines, viz. Sun’s udayajya, Sun’s madhyajya, Sun’s drkksepajya, Sun’s drugjya, Sun’s drggatijya, Moon’s udayajya, Moon’s udayajya, Moon’s madhyjya, Moon’s mandhyajya, Moon’s drkksepajya, Moon’s drgjya, and Moon’s drggatijya.
Dasajiva : Same as Dasaguna
Dasara : Two
Dahana : Three
Dik : (1)Direction(2) Ten Dikka : Direction
Ditisunupujita : Venus.
Dina : (1) Day. (2) Fifteen
Diragana : Same as Ahargana
Dinamana : Measure (or length) of the day
Dinarosi : Ahargana
Dinanam ganah : Same as Ahargana
Divasa : (1) Day (2) Aharyana
Divasagynardha : The day redius
Divasajiva : The day radius
Divasayojana : The number of yojanas that a planet traverses in a day
Divasavistarabheda : The day radius.
Divaguna : The day radius.
Divicara : (1) Seven (2) Planet
Dis, : (1) Director. (2) Ten.
Drkksepa : The drkksepa is the shortest arcual distance of the planet’s orbit from the zenith. It is also used for the Rsine of that distance.
Drggati : Arc corresponding to the Drggatijya.
Drggatijya : The drggatijya is the distance from the zenith of the plane of a planet’s circle of celestial longitude, or the Rsine of the shortest distance the zenith of a planet’s circle of celestial longitude.
Drgguna : The R sine of zenith distance.
Drgjiva : The Rsine of zenith distance.
Drgjya : The Rsine of zenith distance.
Drdha : Prime
Drsya-candra : The longitude of the Moon corrected for the visibility corrections.
Devapujya : Jupiter
Devamantri : Jupiter
Desakala : Used in the sense of desantara-kala, i.e. the longitude-correction in terms of time.
Desajata : The longitude of the place. That is, either the distance of the local place from the prime meridian, or the difference between the local and standard times.
Desantara-karma : Correction for the longitude of the place, the longitude correction.
Desantara-ghati : Desantra in ghatis.
Deha : Used in the sense of grahadeha. See Grahadeha
Dyugana : Ahargana
Dyujya : The day radius.
Dyuti : Shadow (meaning) “ the shadow of the gnomon”)
Dyuti-karna : The hyotenuse of the shadow (of the gnomon)
Dhudala : The day radius
Dyurasi : Ahargana
Dyuvyasa : The day radius
Dyuvyasa-bheda : The day radius.
Dyuvaysadha : The day radius.
Dvyagra : Residual pulverser with two residues.
Dhana : Addition
Dhanistha : The name of the twenty-third naksatra.
Dhanuh : (1) Arc. (2) The sign sagittarius.
Dhanuh-khanda : In Hindu astronomy, the quadrant of a circle is divided into twenty-four equal parts and these parts are known as kasiha, dhanu, dhanuhkhanda, dhanurbhaga, etc.
Dhanubhaga 225’
Dhanus : (1) Arc (2) 225’
Dhanvin : The sign sagittarius
Dharanidina : Civil day.
Dharasuta : Mars
Dhatridhara : Seven
Dhrti : Eighteen
Dhruvaka : A technical term.
Naksatra : (1) Star. (2) Asterism. (3) Twenty-seven
Naksatragana : Same as Bhagana
Naksatra-bheda : Occultation of stars.
Nakha : Twenty
Naga : Seven
Natabhaaga : The degrees (bhaga) of zenith distance (nata)
Natamsa : Zenith distance.
Nati : (1) The meridian zenith distance. (2) Celestial latitude as corrected for parallax in latitude.
(3) Parallax in latitude
Natijya : The Rsine of the meridian zenith distance.
Nanda : Nine
Nabha : Zero
Nara : (1) The sign Gemini. (2) Gnomon. (3) The Rsine of altitude.
Na : The Rsine of altitude
Nadika : A unit of time equivalent to 24 minutes.
Nadi : See Nadika.
Niraksa : Equator.
Niraksasu : Asus of the right ascension, i.e., the time in asus of rising at the the equator.
Nirapavartita : Unabraded, unabridged.
Nisakara : (1) Moon (2) One
Niscalakriya : Methos of successive approximations.
Nihsvasalava : Asus
Nr. : Gnomon
Netra : Two
Nemi : Circumference, periphery
Paksa : (1) Lunar fortnight, period from new moon to full moon, or from full moon to new moon. (2) Two
pada : Quadrant. (2)Square root
Parakranti : (Sun’s) greatest declination, or obliquity of the ecliptic.
Parmapama : Same as parakranti.
Paridhi : (1) Circumference, periphery. (2) Epicycle
Parilekha : Projection, graphical representation.
Parvala : Seven
Parvamadhya : The middle of the eclipse.,
Pala : Latitude
Palajiva : The Rsine of the latitude,
Palajya : The degrees of the latitude.
Palabhaga : The degrees of the latitude
Palangula : Used in the sense of ‘palabhangula’, i.e. the angulas of the equinoctial midday shadow.
Palamsa : The degree of the latitude
Pascardha : The western half.,
Pata : The ascending node of a planets orbit (on the ecliptic)
Parabhaga : The degrees of the longitude of the ascending node.
Puskara : Three
Purvalagna : The horizon-ecliptic point in the east.
Pankti : Ten
Pratimandala : Eccentric.
Pratimandala-karna : Processes under the eccentric theory.
Prabha : (1) The shadow of the gnomon. (2) The Rsine of the zenith distance.
Pralayastithinam : Omitted lunar days.
Prastara : The statement of possible combinations in a serial order.
Praggrasa : The first contact in an eclipse.
Prana : Same as Asu
Praleyarasmi : One
Pronnati : Altitude
Phala : (1) Result. (2) Correction
Bhava : The first of the seven movable karnas. The karna is one of the five important elements of the Hindu Calendar.
Bahula : The naksatra Krttika.
Bahu : The base (of a right-angled trangle). The upright of a right-angled triangle is called koti. (2) The bahu corresponding to a planets anomaly. This is the arcual distance of the planet from the its apogee or perigee whichever is nearer. Suppose that is the anomaly of a planet (or any arc, whatever) If is less thanthan _/2, ifself is the bahu; If 0 is greater the _/2 but less than _, (_-0) is the bahu; and if 0 is greater thatn 3_/2, (2_-0) is the bahu. The complement of the bahu is called koti.
Bahuka : Same as bahu.
Bahujya : The Rsine of the bahu (of a planet’s anomaly)
Bahuphala : See notes on MBh, iv. 6
Bahoh phalam : Same as Bahuphala
Bimba : The dise of a planet
Bimbardhu : The semi diameter of the disc
Budhasa : North
Bham : Twenty-seven
Bhaga : The naksatra Purva phalguni, the regent of which is Bhaga.
Bhagana : (1) The revolution-number of a planet, i.e., the number of revolutions that a planet performs in a certain period. The revolutions given by Bhaskara I correspond to a yuga, i.e., to a period of 43,20,000 years. (2) The naksatras.
(3) Twelve signs (or 360_)
Bhava : Eleven
Bhavana : Sign
Bhaga : (1) Part, fraction, (2) Division. (3) Degree
Bhagaladbha : Quotient
Bhagaseas : The residue of the degrees.
Bhagahara : Divisor
Bhagaharaka : Same as Bhagahara
Bhajya : Dividend
Bhargava : Venus
Bhidah : Half
Bhukli : Motion, or daily motion
Bhuja : Same as Bhja
Bhujantara : Correction for the equation of time due to the eccentricity of the ecliptic.
Bhujaphala : The equation of the centre.
Bhucchaya : The Earth’s shadow
Bhucchayadairghya : The length of the Earth’s shadow, i.e. the distance of the vertex of the shadow cone from the Earth’s centre.
Bhujya : See Ksitijya
Bhuta : Five
Bhudina : Civil day.
Bhudicasa : Civil day.
Bhudhara : Seven
Bhubrt : Seven.
Bhumidina : Civil day.
Bhrgu : Venus
Bhumidina : Civil day.
Bhrgu : Venus.
Bhrguja : Venus.
Bheda : (1) Half, (2) Occulation of the heavenly body.
Bhoga : Motion
Bhauma : Mars.
Maghavadgura :
Magha : Name of the tenth naksatra
Mandala : Circle; a collection of 12 circle.
Mandalamadhya : The centre of a circle
Mati : An optional number
Matsya : Fish-figure
Madhu : Caitra, the first month of the year
Madhyakranti : The declination of the merdian ecliptic point.
Madhyacchaya : The midday shadow (of the gnomon)
Madhyajatah
Lambakah : The upright due to the meridian-ecliptic point, i.e. the Rsine of the altitude of the meridian ecliptic point.
Madhyajya : The Rsine of the zenith-distance of the meridian -ecliptic point; the meridian-sine.
Madhyaparinisthit-
alambaka : Same as Madhyajataj lambakah.
Madhyalayna : Meridian ecliptic point.
Madhyasuryavanama : The zenith distance of the midday Sun, or the meridian zenith distance of the Sun.
Madhyavanati : The zenith distance of the midday Sun.
Mandakendra : Manda anomaly (=longitude of the planet minus longitude of the planet’s apogee)
Mandapata : See MBh, vii
Mandaphala : Correction due to the planet’s mandocca. In the case of the Sun and Moon, the equation of the centre.
Mandamanurviphalacapa : Same as Mandaphala.
Mandavrita : Manda epicycle
Mandasiddha : Corrent for the mandaphala.
Mandasiddhi : Correction (of a plnet) for the mandaphala
Mandantyajiva : The present Rsine-difference corresponding to the mandakendra i.e. the Rsine-difference of the clementary arc in which the planet lies.
Mandocca : The apogee of a planet.
Mandoccakarna : See Mandakarna
Mandocckendra : See Mandakendra
Mandoccavrtta : Manda epicycle.
Mithuna : The sign Gemini
Mina : (1) Fish-figure, (2) the sign Pisces
Muni : Seven
Mula : Square root
Mrga : The sign Capricorn
Mesa : The sign Aries.
Maitra : The naksatra Anuradha
Moksa : The separation of the eclipsed body after an eclipse.
Maurika : Minute of arc.
Maurvi : Rsine
Yantra : Instrument
Yama : (1) Saturn (2) Name of the second naksatra Bharani, whose divinity is Yama. (3) Two.
Yamala : Two
Yamya : South
Yamyagola : The southern hemisphere, i.e. the hemisphere lying to the south of the equator.
Yamyottara : South-north
Yamyottarayata : Directed south-to-north
Yugala : Two
Yugma : Even
Yoga : (1) Addition. (2) conjunction of two heavenly bodies.
Yogatara : Junction stars. These are those prominent stars of the twenty-seven naksatras which were used by the Hindu astronomers for the study of the conjunction of the planets, especially the moon, with them.
Yogabhaga : The degrees of the longitudes of the junction-stars.
Yojana : The yojana is a measure of distance. The length of a yojana is different at different places at different places and at edifferent times. The yojana of Aryabhata I and Bhaskara I is roughly equivalent to 7½ miles.
Randhra : Nine.
Ravi : (1) Sun (2) Twelve.
Ravija : (1) Saturn (2) A special term used by Bhaskara I.
Ravijadivasa : A special term used by Bhaskara I.
Rasa : Six
Rama : Three
Rasi : (1) Quantity (2) Sign
Rasijiva : The Rsine of one sign, i.e. Rsin (30_)
Rahu : The Moon’s ascending node.
Rudra : Eleven
Rudhira : Mars.
Rupa : One
Lagna : The horizon ecliptic point in the east.
Laghutantra : Short or simplified methods.
Lanka : A place in 0 latitude and 0 longitude. Also see supra, p.47
Lankarasyudaya : Times of rising of the signs of Lanka, or right ascensions of the signs.
Lankodaya : Times of rising (of the signs) at Lanka, or right ascensions (of the signs).
Labdha : Quotient
Lamba : The Rsine of the colatitude (of the place)
Lambaka : The Rsine of the colatitude
Lambakaguna : Same as Lambaka
Lambana : Parallax in longitude; or in particular, the difference between the parallaxes in longitude of the Sun and Moon.
Lambanalipta : Lambana in longitude in terms of minutes of arc.
Lambanantara : The lambana-difference.
Lambanantaranadika : The nadis of the lambana-difference, or the lambana-difference in terms of nadis.
Lava : (1) Part, portion, fraction. (2) Degree.
Lipta : Minute of arc
Liptika : Same as Lipta
Liptika vipurva : Viliptika; second of arc.
Vakra : Retrograde
Vakragati : Retrograde motion.
Vakrayamana : Retrograde motion.
Vakrigraha : A planet in retrograde motion.
Vacasam patih : Jupiter.
Vatsara : Year INDIAN
Vapu : The body (globe or disc) of a planet
Varga : Square
Vartamana : Present, current
Vartamanaguna : The present (or current) Rsine-difference, i.e., the Rsine difference of the elementary arc occupied by a planet.
Varsapa : The lord of the year i.e., the planet after whose name the first day of the year bears its name.
Valana : Deflection. Valana relates to an eclipsed body. IUt is the angle subtended at the body by the arc joining the north point of the calestial horizon and the north pole of the ecliptic. Valana is generally divided into two components, (i) Aksavalana and (ii) Ayanavalana. The Aksavalana is the angle subtended at the body by the arc joining the north point of the celestial horizon and the north pole of the equator. The Ayanavalana is the angle subtended at the body by the arc joining the north poles of the equator and the ecliptic.
The Valana is also defined as follows: The great circle of which the eclipsed body is the pole is called the horizon of the eclipsed body. Suppose that the prime vertical, equator, and the ecliptic intersect the horizon of the eclipsed body at the points A, B and C towards the east of the eclipsed body. Then are AB is called the Aksavalana, arc BC is called the Ayanavalana and are AC is called Valana.
Valana is also called spastavalana.
Vasu : Eight.
Vahni : Three
Varuni : West
Vi : Celestial latitude. Evidently, vi is an abbreviated from the viksepa.
Vikala : Second of arc.
Vikastha : The arc of celestial latitude.
Viksipti : Celestial latitude
Vihsepa : Celestial latitude
Viksepajya : The Rsine of celestial latitude.
Viksepamsa : The degrees of celestial latitude.
Vighatika : A unit of time, equivalent to 24 seconds.
Vidis : Contrary direction.
Vinadika : Same as Vighatika.
Vinadi : Same as Vinadika
Vipritaguna : Rversed-sine
Vipulacchaya : Great shadow, meeting “the Rsine of the zenith distance”.
Vipulanara : Great gnomon, meaning “The Rsine of altitude”.
Vinandala : The orbit of a planet
Vimardadha : Half the duration of totality of an eclipse
Vimaurika : Second of arc.
Viyat : Zero
Vilagna : The horizon-ecliptic point in the east.
Vilipta : Second of arc.
Viliptika : Same as Vilipta
Vivara : Difference, intervening space.
Visakha : Name of sixteenth naksatra
Visesa : Difference
Vislesa : Difference.
Visva : Thirteen
Visama : Odd.
Visaya : Five
Visuvajya : The Rsine of the latitude (of a place)
Visuval : The equator
Visuvakarna : The hypotenuse of the equinoctial midday shadow.
Visuvatprabha : The equinoctial midday shadow.
Visuvadudayarasi-
pranapinda : Time in asus of rising of the signs at the equator, i.e., right ascension of the signs in terms of asus.
Viskambha : Diameter
Visnukrama : Three
Vistara : Same as Vistara
Vistara : (1) Diameter. “Vyasa, viskambha, and vistara are synonyms”, says Bhaskara I. (2) Length, breadth, etc. “Ayama, vistara, and dairghya are synonyms”, says Bhaskara I
Vihangama : Planet.
Vihaga : Planet
Vihayas : Zero
Vrtta : (1) Circle. (2) Epicycle
Vrttasankhya : The length of the circumference of a circle
Vrnda : Cube
Vrsa : The sign Taurus.
Veda : Four
Velakutta : Time-pulveriser.
Vaidhrta : An astronomical phenomenon.
Vaisuvati chaya : The equinoctial midday shadow.
Vyatipata : An astronomical phenomenon.
Vyasa : Diameter
Vyasakhanda : Radius
Vyasakhandanicaya : Same as Vyasakhanda.
Vyasardha : Radius or 3438_.
Vyoma : Zero
Sakrataraka : The naksatra Jyestha, whose regent is Indra.
Sakragura : Jupiter
Sanku : (1) Gnomon. (2) The Rsine of altitude (of a heavely body)
Sankagra : The distance of the projection of a heavenly body on the plane of the celestial horizon from the planet’s resing-setting line.
Sankvagrajiva : Same as Sankvagra.
Satabhisak : The naksatra Satabhikha
Sapharika : A fish figure.
Sara : (1) Rversed-sine. (2) One
Sasija : Lunar
Salin : One
Sikhi : Three
Silimukha : Five
Silocca : Seven
Siva : Eleven
Sighra : Same as Sighrocca
Sighrakarna : The distance of a planet obtained by the sighrocca process.
Sighrakendra : The sighra anomaly.
Sighrakendraphala : Sighraphala, i.e, correction due to the sighrocca.
Sighrajah karnah : Sighrakarna
Sighranyayapatacapa : Sighra epicycle
Sighrapata : See MBh
Sighravrtta : Sighra epicycle
Sighrasiddha : Corrected for the sighraphala.
Sighrantyajiva : The present Rsine-difference relating to the sighra (kendra)
Sighroccavrtta : Sighraepicycle.
Sitakirana : (1) Moon (2) One.
Sitarasmi : (1) Moon. (2) One
Sitamsu : (1) Moon (2) One.
Sukla : The illuminated part of the Moon’s disc; the phase of the Moon.
Srngonnati : The elevation of the Moon’s horns.
Saila : Seven
Sodhana : Subtraction.
Sodhaniya : A subtractive quantity technically called sodhaniya or sodhya.
Sodhya : See Sodhaniya
Sauklya : The illuminated part of the Moon’s disc.
Sravana : (1) Name of the 22nd naksatra. (2) The Hypotenuse (of a right-angled traiangle)
Samskrta : Corrected.
Sankalita : Meridian zenith distance
Sama : Even
Samamandala : The prime vertical
Samamandalaja cjaya : The prime vertical shadow.
Samamandalasanku : The Rsine of the prime vertical altitude.
Samarekha : The prime vertical altitude.
Samarekha : The prime meridian.
Samalipta : Two planets are said to be samalipta When their longitudes are equal up to minutes.
Samavalambajya : The Rsine of the colatitude.
Sarvapama : The greatest declination (of the Sun), i.e., the obliquity of the ecliptic.
Sagara : Four
Sarpamastaka : An astronomical phenomenon.
Simha : The sign Leo
Sita : (1) The illuminated part of the Moon’s disc; the phase of the Moon. (2) The light half of the month. (3) Venus
Sitakhaya : Venus
Sitapaksa : The light half of a lunar month, light fortnight.
Sitabindu : The point of the Moon’s diameter whcih lies at the end of the illuminated part of the Moon.
Sitamana : The measure of the illuminmated part of the Moon’s disc.
Suranathagura : Jupiter
Surapadik : East
Suredya : Jupiter
Suri : Jupiter
Surya : (1) Sun (2) Twelve.
Suryakaksya : The orbit of the Sun, the ecliptic.
Suryaja : Saturn.
Saimhikeya : The ascending node of the Moon’s orbit. (Saimhikeya literally means Rahu, son of Simhika)
Somaja : Mercury
Somasunu : Mercury
Saumya : (1) North. (2) The naksatra Mragasira. (3) Mercury
Sauri : Saturn
Sthiti : Duration (of an eclipse)
Sthitidala : Half the duration (of an eclipse)
Sthityardha : Half the duration (of an eclipse)
Sthula : Gross, approximate
Sparsa : Contact
Sparsakala : Time of the first contact (in an eclipse)
Spasta : True, corrected.
Sphuta : True
Sphuamadhya : True mean; the tube-mean planet.
Sphutayojana : Used in the sense of sphutayojanakarna
Sphutayojanakarna : The true distance (of a planet) in terms of yojanas.
Sphutavritta : True or corrected epicycle.
Svara : Seven
Harija : Horizon
Hara : Divisor
Hararasi : Divisor
Himamsu : (1) Moon (2) One
Hina : (1) Less (2) Omitted lunar day (hinadivasa)
Hinadivasa : Omitted lunar day.
Hinaratra : Same as Hinadivasa
Hutasana : Three.
(Names which gives numbers are based on Bhoothasankhya system)
